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Dice rolls: probability and short runs

Why repeated faces and uneven frequencies in a short run do not prove a fault.

Randomchik editorial team

One roll

For a fair six-sided die, each face has probability 1/6. This describes a model, not a promise to see every face once in six rolls. Two identical consecutive values are possible. Animation visualizes a roll; its duration does not itself determine the probabilities.

The sum of several dice

The sum of two ordinary dice is not uniform. Seven has six ordered combinations, while two has only one: 1 and 1. Uniformly selecting a number from 2 to 12 is therefore different from rolling two independent six-sided dice and adding their values.

A classroom experiment

Choose a sample size in advance and record the counts of every face. Compare frequencies with the expected proportions without changing the stopping rule when a pleasing result appears. The experiment illustrates variability, but even a large sample does not prove cryptographic security.

Questions and answers

Are repeated faces an error?

No. Independent rolls can return the same value.

Is the sum of two dice uniform?

No. Some sums have more possible combinations.

Sources and methodology

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